In order to attain that objective I analyze the provisions of the Common European Framework of Reference of Languages (CEFRL) Chapter 3 is envisioned as to draw an outline of the elements intended to help the learner acquire pragmatic competence as designed by the Romanian curriculum and the textbooks available.Ĭommunicative competence globally becomes the aim of English language teaching and learning. The second chapter of my paper is meant to define the skills required of a learner in order to achieve pragmatic competence. ![]() The main reasons for tackling this problematics are: the necessity of developing communication abilities in foreign languages and the lack of coherence regarding the theoretical conceptualizations of language teaching/learning process. ![]() This is lexical cohesion.The theme of the research is represented by the pragmatic competence in the process of learning English as a foreign language, with a particularization on the EFL textbooks in Romania.My thesis starts from the goal of analyzing the importance of achieving pragmatic competence in order to become communicatively successful, especially in what regards oral interaction, and the means which facilitate the development of pragmatic competence provided by the Romanian EFL textbooks. An example is the phrase "once upon a time". Collocation uses related words that typically go together or tend to repeat the same meaning. For example, "Which dress are you going to wear?" – "I will wear my green frock," uses the synonyms "dress" and "frock" for lexical cohesion. Repetition uses the same word, or synonyms, antonyms, etc. There are two forms: repetition and collocation. Lexical cohesion refers to the way related words are chosen to link elements of a text. For example, "Which ice-cream would you like?" – "I would like the pink one," where "one" is used instead of repeating "ice-cream." The omitted words from the second clause are "child" and "was".Ī word is not omitted, as in ellipsis, but is substituted for another, more general word. The full form of B's reply would be: "I am going to dance".Ī simple written example: The younger child was very outgoing, the older much more reserved. It happens when, after a more specific mention, words are omitted when the phrase must be repeated. For example, the meaning of the phrase "the Queen" may be determined by the country in which it is spoken.Įllipsis is another cohesive device. Halliday and Hasan considered exophoric reference as not cohesive, since it does not tie two elements together into in text.Ī homophoric reference is a generic phrase that obtains a specific meaning through knowledge of its context. The prefix "exo" means "outside", and the persons or events referred to in this manner are never identified by the writer. rather than introduce a concept, the writer refers to it by a generic word such as "everything". Exophoric reference is used to describe generics or abstracts without ever identifying them (in contrast to anaphora and cataphora, which do identify the entity and thus are forms of endophora): e.g.There is one more referential device, which cannot create cohesion: it's John Doe!" Cataphoric references can also be found in written text. For example: "Here he comes, our award-winning host. Something is introduced in the abstract before it is identified. Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse.Another example can be found in formulaic sequences such as "as stated previously" or "the aforementioned". Some examples: replacing "the taxi driver" with the pronoun "he" or "two girls" with "they". ![]() Anaphoric reference occurs when the writer refers back to someone or something that has been previously identified, to avoid repetition.There are two referential devices that can create cohesion: Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that create coherence in texts: reference, ellipsis, substitution, lexical cohesion and conjunction. lexical cohesion: based on lexical content and background knowledge.Ī cohesive text is created in many different ways.grammatical cohesion: based on structural content.It is related to the broader concept of coherence. Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning.
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